THIỀN TRONG ĐỜI SỐNG
ZEN IN LIFE
Thiện Phúc
Lời Đầu Sách
California ngày 3 tháng 8 năm 2011
Thiện Phúc
Preface
Meditation is not a practice of today or yesterday. From time immemorial people have been practicing meditation in diverse ways. Yogis, saints and enlightened ones of all ages have gone on the path of meditation and have attributed all their achievements to meditation. There never was, and never will be, any mental development or mental purity without meditation. Meditation was the means by which Siddhartha Gotama, the Buddha, gained supreme enlightenment. Meditation is not only for India or for the Buddha’s time, but for all mankind, for all times and climes. The boundaries of race and religion, the frontiers of time and space, are irrelevant to the practice of meditation. In fact, almost 26 centuries ago, after experiencing a variety of methods of cultivation without success, the Buddha decided to test the truth by self purification of his own mind. He sat cross-legged for 49 days and nights under the bodhi-tree and reached the highest meditative attainments which are now known as enlightenment and deliverance. He gradually entered the first, second, and third Jhanas. So Zen originated from the very day of the Buddha and Buddhist meditation forms the very heart and core of the Buddha’s teaching. Zen in China and other Eastern Asian countries formed after Bodhidharma went to China and nowadays Zen becomes so popular that not only Buddhists practise it, but people from all countries including Christians and Muslims have been trying to practise Zen in their daily activities to improve their life. However, meditation in Buddhism does not stop at seeking to improve life, but it also help mankind attain enlightenment through the spontaneous understanding of the nature of reality, which it believes cannot be communicated through rational thought, but rather found in a simple brush stroke or a hearty laugh. Nowadays, Zen has spread to the Western World and has been becoming so widely known that almost everyone knows about Zen. Zen leads the mind away from the mind until the spark of direct insight appears in a simple brush stroke.
The Buddhist meditation is not a state of auto-hypnosis, coma or unconsciousness. It is a state of mental purity where disturbing passions and impulses are subdued and calmed down so that the mind becomes concentrated and collected and enters into a state of clear consciousness and mindfulness. Furthermore, the meditation taught in Buddhism is neither for gaining union with any supreme being, nor for bringing about mystical experiences, nor for any self-hypnosis. It is for gaining tranquility of mind (Samadhi) and insight (vipassana), for the sole purpose of attaining unshakable deliverance of the mind, that supreme security from bondage attainable through the total extirpation of all mental defilements. And the the most important thing is that in Buddhism, meditation is not a voluntary exile from life or something practiced for the hereafter. Meditation should be applied to the daily affairs of life, and its results obtained here and now, in this very life. It is not separated from the daily activities. It is part and parcel of our life. In Zen, we are living a Zen life whenever we are wholly in the present without our usual fears, hopes and distractions. With mindfulness we can find Zen in all activities of our daily life. Zen cannot be found by uncovering an absolute truth hidden to outsiders, but by adopting an attitude to life that is disciplined. People seek enlightenment by striving; however, most of us forget that to become enlightened we must give up all striving. This is extremely difficult for all of us because in our daily life we always strive to achieve things. Unlike the Pure Land practitioners, Zen practitioners depend on no words nor letters. It’s a special transmission outside the scriptures, direct pointing to the mind of man in order to see into one’s nature and to attain the Buddhahood. While other schools emphasized the need to believe in a power outside oneself to attain enlightenment, Zen teaches that Buddha-nature is within us all and can be awakened by our own efforts. Zen teaches us to know how to live with our precious presence and forget about yesterdays and tomorrows for yesterdays have gone and tomorrows do not arrive yet. In Zen, we should have everyday enlightenment with nothing special. Everything is just ordinary. Business as usual, but handling business with mindfulness. To start your day, brush your teeth, wash your face, relieve your bowels, take a shower, put on your clothes, eat your food and go to work, etc. Whenever you’re tired, go and lie down; whenever you feel hungry, go and find something to eat; whenever you do not feel like to talk, don’t talk; whenver you feel like to talk, then talk. Let circumstances come and go by themselves, do not try to change them for you can’t anyway. Zen teaches us to cut off all discriminating thoughts and to understand that the truth of the universe is ultimately our own true self. All of us should meditate very deeply on this, for this thing is what we call the ‘self’? When we understand what it is, we will have automatically returned to an intuitive oneness with nature and will see that nature is us and we are nature, and that nature is the Buddha, who is preaching to us at every moment. We all hope that all of us will be able to hear what nature is saying to us, so that we can return to the peaceful realm that we once separated.
Modern world has been through a lot of devastations due to wars, calamities, etc. We need a deeper understanding and appreciation of other peoples and their civilizations. This can be achieved only with mindfulness via meditation. This little book is only to show the simplest and practiceable methods of meditation that anyone of us is able to practice. This little book is only to help us see the core ideas of meditation that any Zen Buddhist would like to approach to life. If we really would like to cultivate exactly the way that the Buddha cultivated almost 26 centuries ago, hoping that this little book can help us all to be able to hear the whispers of Sakyamuni Buddha that tell us renouncing the worldly life does not mean to run away from life, but to face it with mindfulness. Renouncing the worldly life means renouncing mindless and careless actions which lead to problems. Renouncing the worldly life means renouncing its noisiness, its stress and strain which damage our nervous system and lead to hundreds of thousands of physical and mental illnesses. Renouncing the worldly life does not mean that we renounce our life. It means that we are making an inward journey in the worldly life. Only that we are able to see ourselves as we really are, and then we can learn to overcome the weaknesses and limitations to become stronger in life. A lot of us have been searching for solutions to our various problems in vain because of wrong approach and method. We think all problems can be solved externally, we’re wrong. Most problems are internal and can only be solved when we try to make an inward trip to see ourselves first. To Buddhist Zen practitioners, if by meditation is meant mental discipline or mind culture, it goes without saying that all should cultivate meditation irrespective of sex, color, creed or any other division. Modern society in in danger of being swamped by distractions and temptation which can only be controlled if we undertake the difficult taks of training our minds.
A considerable number of methods were offered to the Zen practitioner, and his choice among them depends on his mental endowments and proclivities. So vast the range of the possibilities offered that they cannot possibly be even enumerated here. There we have relatively simple breathing exercises of the Yogic type, a survey of the ‘thirty-two parts of the body’, the contemplation of corpses in various degrees of decomposition, and introspective awareness of our mental processes as they go along, be they feelings, thoughts, or hindrances to concentration, or the factors which make for enlightenment. Then there is the cultivation of the social emotions, such as friendliness and compassion, the recollection of the virtues of the three Jewels, the meditation on death and the aspiration for Nirvana. A favorite subject of meditation are the twelve links of the chain of conditioned co-production which shows how ignorance leads to the other factors or worldly existence ending in old age and death and how, conversely, the extinction of ignorance must lead to the extinction of all these factors. Other meditations again try to impress on our minds the facts of the impermanence of all conditioned things, to show up the full extent of suffering, demonstrate the ananity of the term “self”, to foster insight into emptiness and to reveal the characteristic features of the path which leads to salvation. In fact, there seems to be almost no limit to the number of meditation devices which are attested for the first period of Buddhism, although it was apparently only in the second period that some systematic order was imposed upon them.
Generally speaking, there are five different kinds of Zen: Outer Path Zen, Common People’s Zen, Hinayana Zen, Mahayana Zen, and Utmost Vehicle Zen. Outer Path Zen: Outer Path Zen includes many different types of meditation. For example, Christian meditation, Divine Light, Transcendental Meditation, and so on. Common People’s Zen: Common People’s Zen is concentration meditation, Dharma Play meditation, the tea ceremony, or other ritual ceremonies, etc. Hinayana Zen: Hinayana Zen is insight into impermanence of the mind, the impurity of the body, and the non-self of all things. Mahayana Zen: Mahayana Zen includes six kinds of contemplation which are equal to the following statement from the Avatamsaka Sutra: “If you wish thoroughly understand all the Buddhas of the past, present, and future, then you should view the nature of the whole universe as being created by the mind alone.” These contemplations are: a) insight into the existence and nonexistence of the nature of the dharmas; b) insight into the fact that there are no external, tangible characteristics, and that all is empty; c) insight into existence, emptiness, and the Middle Way; d) insight into the true aspect of all phenomena; e) insight into the mutual interpenetration of all phenomena; f) insight that sees that phenomena themselves are the Absolute. Utmost Vehicle Zen: Utmost Vehicle Zen, which is divided into three types: Theoretical Zen, Tathagata Zen, and Patriarchal Zen.
Nowadays there are so many Zen sects with considerable differences in methods of practices. For example, the Ts’ao-Tung was always characterized by quietism and Zen master Hung-Chih Cheng Chueh (died in 1157) gave it the special name of “Mo-Chao Ch’an” or “Silent-Illumination Ch’an”. This indicated that he school stressed the quiet stting still in silent meditation, by or in which enlightenment, or spiritual insight into absolute emptiness, is attained. Four doctrines are mentioned as characteristic of the Ts’ao-Tung: a) All beings have the Buddha-nature at birth and consequently are essentially enlightened, b) All beings can enjoy fully the Bliss of the Buddha-nature while in a state of quiet meditation, c) Practice and knowledge must always complement one another, d) The strict observance of religious ritual must be carried over into our daily lives. In opposition to the quietism advocated by the Ts’ao-Tung, the Lin-Chi advocated ceaseless activity on the closen kung-an which must be carried on until sudden enlightenment supervenes. As Ta Hui Tsung Kao put it: “Just steadily go on with your kung-an every moment of your life! Whether walking or sitting, let your attention be fixed upon it without interruption. When you begin to find it entirely devoid of flavor, the final moment is approaching: do not let it slip out of your grasp! When all of a sudden something flashes out in your mind, its light will illuminate the entire universe, and you will see the spiritual land of the Enlightened Ones fully revealed at the point of a single hair and the wheel of the Dharma revolving in a single grain of dust.”
In short, no matter how talented, no one can really describe the essential nature of Zen. This book is only designed to give readers the simpliest and practiceable methods for any Buddhists who want to cultivate, especially lay people. Hoping it will be able to show us the essentials and cores of the Buddha’s teaching on Zen. We should embark upon our own spiritual journeys by simply choosing a teacher with all our faith and trust; then we should also patiently surrender to his wisdom for our cultivation. Then find for ourselves our own way of Zen in daily life. Like it or not, this very moment is all we really have to work with; however, unfortunately, most of us always forget what we are in. Hoping that we are able to apply meditation and contemplation in our daily activities so that we are able to to live our very moment so that we don’t lose touch with ourselves, so that we are able to accept the truth of this moment of our life, learn from it and move on in our real life.
Respectfully, California, August 3, 2011 Thiện Phúc
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