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Gampopa "the man from Gampo" (Tibetan: སྒམ་པོ་པ་) Sönam Rinchen (Tibetan: བསོད་ནམས་རིན་ཆེན་, Wylie: bsod nams rin chen, 1079–1153) was a Tibetan Buddhist teacher in the Kagyu lineage, as well as a doctor and tantric master who founded the Dagpo Kagyu school. He is also known as Dvagpopa, and the titles Dakpo Lharjé "the physician from Dakpo" (Tibetan: དྭགས་པོ་ལྷ་རྗེ་, Wylie: dwags po lha rje) and Daö Zhönnu, "Candraprabhakumara" (Tibetan: ཟླ་འོད་ཞོན་ནུ་, Wylie: zla 'od gzhon nu).[1][2]
Gampopa Sönam Rinchen
སྒམ་པོ་པ་བསོད་ནམས་རིན་ཆེན།
Born: c. 1079 CE,Budnyi Chedrak Serlung, Nyel valley, Gyaza dzong and Lung dzong, Tibet
Died: c. 1153 CE
Occupation: Buddhist teacher, monk and philosopher
Known for Founder of the Dagpo Kagyu school and Daklha Gampo monastery, teacher of sutra Mahamudra.
Gampopa in the American Museum of Natural History, New York
Biography
Gampopa was born in the Nyal (or Nyel) district, Central Tibet and from an early age was a student of medicine in the Indian, Chinese and Tibetan medical traditions.[3] Later in his life he moved to the region of Dakpo (dwags po) in southern Tibet and hence was also called Dakpopa (dwags po pa), the man from Dakpo. The region is also near Gampo Hills, hence his other name, Gampopa.[4] In his youth Gampopa studied under the Nyingma lama Barey as well as under the Kadampa teacher Geshe Yontan Drag.[5] He married a daughter of a man named Chim Jose Darma Wo (mchims jo sras dar ma 'od) and had a child, but they both died, causing him to renounce the householder's life. In 1104, at the age of twenty-five he took ordination, either in Dakpo or in Penyul, at Gyachak Ri monastery ('phan yul rgya lcags ri), receiving the name Sönam Rinchen (bsod nams rin chen)."[6] After becoming a monk in the Kadampa lineage under Geshe Lodan Sherab and focused on studying the Kadampa teachings.[7] In his 30s he sought out and became the foremost student of the yogi Milarepa.[8] Milarepa instructed him in the practice of Vajravārahī, tummo (gtum mo) and Mahāmudrā.[9]
Gampopa's position in the transmission lineage of the Mahamudra teaching is as follows:
This lineage sequence, taken together, is called the "Five Founding Masters" by the Kagyu school.
After his studies with Milarepa, Gampopa founded Daklha Gampo Monastery (Dwags lha sgam po) in 1121 CE. He had many great students who were accomplished tantric practitioners, both monks and laymen.[10] Gampopa's teaching joined the Lamrim teachings of the Kadampa school with the Mahamudra and tantric teachings of the Kagyu school.[11] According to Tony Duff, he taught Mahamudra in two approaches, "one is a gradual approach called the Four Yogas of Mahamudra, the other is a sudden approach called Essence Mahamudra."[12]
Dagpo Kagyu Lineages
Gampopa taught extensively, and attracted many students. He is the source of the major surviving Kagyu sub-schools, all known as the Dagpo Kagyu. Following Gampopa, there evolved the so-called "Four Major and Eight Minor" lineages of the Dagpo (sometimes rendered "Tagpo" or "Dakpo") Kagyu School. This phrase is descriptive of the generation or order in which the schools were founded, not of their importance. The four "major" Kagyu schools were those of:
The succession of Gampopa's own monastery passed to his nephew, Dakgom Tsültrim Nyingpo (Wylie: dwags sgom tshul khrims snying po, 1116-1169).
Teaching
Gampopa's most famous teaching is known as "The Four Dharmas of Gampopa", this is outlined in a key text of Gampopa called The Four Dharmas in Brief:[17]
"It is necessary for: dharma to turn to dharma; dharma to turn into the path; the path to dispel confusion; and confusion to turn into wisdom"[18]
The Four Dharmas in Brief further states about each of the four Dharmas.
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